reference back ( );
const_reference back ( ) const; 

Access last element

Returns a reference to the last element in the container.

Unlike member list::end, which returns an iterator just past this element, this function returns a direct reference.

Parameters

Return value

Member types reference and const_reference are the reference types to the elements of the container (for the default storage allocation model, allocator, these are T& and const T& respectively).

Example

// list::back
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
  list<int> mylist;

  mylist.push_back(10);

  while (mylist.back() != 0)
  {
    mylist.push_back ( mylist.back() -1 );
  }

  cout << "mylist contains:";
  for (list<int>::iterator it=mylist.begin(); it!=mylist.end() ; ++it)
    cout << " " << *it;

  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}

Output:

mylist contains: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Complexity

See also